Framework Big Data Information Management -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Is The Meaning And Concept Of Security, Regulation, Technology: In Context Of Smart Cities? What Are The Challenges That Influence Security, Regulation, Technology, And Relationship Between Public And Private Sector? Which Strategies Are Effective For Improving The Practices Security, Regulation, Technology, And Relationship Between Public And Private Sector? Answers: Presentation This report presents the comprehension towards numerous components that will support to make the keen urban areas suitably. It likewise talks about point and goals of the exploration. In last, it exhibits the numerous procedures, for example, research ways of thinking, research approach, research methodology, research plan, information assortment technique, information examination strategy, research impediment, moral thought, and inspecting strategy. These strategies are a significant piece of exploration system as could likewise be steady to offer an open door for the examination researcher to gather the exact data with regards to the ebb and flow research issue and get the ideal outcome. Examination title The examination title is to break down the job of security, guidelines, quick change in innovation, overseeing change, and the exchange between the general population and private segments: in setting of Smart urban areas, Dubai. Examination foundation Association likewise faces numerous issues because of absence of comprehension about trend setting innovation. In Dubai, organizations can't draw in countless clients and decay the exchanging cost because of fast change in innovation. Also, rules and guideline of nation could impact the financial state of the country. Dubai has utilized numerous strategies in regards to most recent innovation, dealing with the vulnerability, and the connection among open and private division (Albino, et al., 2015). It could be powerful for the improvement of the nation. Subsequently, an association has expected to pick up their insight about the standards and guideline of keen nations for improving their money related circumstance in restricted time. Therefore, it enables the associations of Dubai to improve their business to process. The fitting guidelines and most recent innovation could support to make a brilliant nation. In Dubai, countless associations can't viably maintain their business and acquire attainable result because of wrong standards and guideline, security, and innovation of their nation. Con sequently, association is required to build up their mindfulness about methodologies of keen provinces as it could be basic to get a gigantic measure of advantages. Besides, the nation will have the option to improve the way of life as it could coordinate effect on the nation circumstance. Likewise, it is additionally tended to that numerous organizations have improved their mindfulness towards rules and guideline of brilliant regions as it will assist the association with getting a serious advantage (Piro, et al., 2014). It will likewise help the organization to build their insight towards most recent procedures for giving their earnest attempts to make the Dubai into the keen nation. Keen County give proper guideline, security, and most recent innovation to their association as it could help to regularly improve their financial condition (Baek, et al., 2015). Thus, the organization will rehearse the advertising procedure to deal with their vulnerability and work their firm, which will assist with getting the serious advantage. Therefore, an organization would have the option to upgrade their firm execution. In addition, it is additionally investigated that association could likewise be competent to make their inside abilities and improving their serious advantages. Furthermore, it is additionally discovered that there is absence of study on the job of security, guideline, innovation, open and private part relationship in making a keen nation. Henceforth, research researcher has chosen to finish their examination on this specific point. In addition, the essentialness and accessibility of data about examination matter could likewise spur the exploration researcher to lead their exploration on the ebb and flow research issue. Therefore, the specialist will be proficient to get exact data with regards to explore issues in constrained assets and time. Besides, this exploration will be viable for the examiner and peruser because of improving their current comprehension about various components that help to make the keen urban areas. Examination point and destinations The principle point of this exploration is to address the job of security, guidelines, fast change in innovation, overseeing change, and the transaction between people in general and private areas in Smart urban communities. The accompanying exploration targets will be utilized to achieve the examination point. To investigate the importance and idea of security, guideline, innovation, and connection among open and private segment: in setting of the Smart urban communities To investigate the difficulties that impact security, guideline, innovation, and connection among open and private segment: in setting of the Smart urban communities To suggest the methodologies for improving the practices security, guideline, innovation, and connection among open and private segment: in setting of Smart urban communities Avocation of exploration In Dubai, an association faces trouble in their business procedure because of absence of security, guideline, and innovation as it could coordinate effect on the development of the firm. In addition, it is likewise analyzed that absence of comprehension about the most recent innovation, the connection among open and private area. Therefore, it will decrease the likelihood of business achievement. Accordingly, it can likewise be assessed that this proposition shows the job of innovation, guideline, and security on the savvy urban communities. Exploration philosophy The exploration technique is vital for examining reasonable strategy as it will be powerful to accomplish research objective. In this, numerous techniques will be involved like examination reasoning, research system, research approach, information assortment strategy, testing strategy, information investigation, and moral thought (Hashem, et al., 2016). Examination Onion Framework The examination onion structure incorporates certain, methodologies, approaches, and techniques as it could be utilized by the specialist to gather the exact data for achieving the exploration point and destinations. Moreover, it is likewise discovered that the onion structure is polished for producing the profundity understanding with respect to explore modes (Al Nuaimi, et al., 2015). The onion structure is strong to create precise information about examination strategies as it could be successful to improve the nature of up and coming exploration result. In this examination study, research onion system will likewise be polished by the specialist for gathering plausible apparatuses and modes, which could be basic to accomplish the exploration point and targets. Besides, this structure will likewise bolster scientist to profoundly examination research devices and procedures (Taylor, et al., 2015). Exploration theory The exploration reasoning is an essential piece of examination procedure. This strategy considers certain methods like positivism, interpretivism, and authenticity. The positivist way of thinking is steady to increase authentic comprehension about specific examination issue (Mackey and Gass, 2015).This technique permits research researcher to build up the speculation with respect to investigate matter. In this, the organized system is utilized for achieving research objective. Interestingly, the interpretivism theory empowers the examination researcher to utilize the subjective strategy and acquire hypothetical information about exploration matter. Accordingly, an analyst could likewise be proficient to achieve the good outcome. Other than this, the authenticity theory depends on the genuine factor. Further, it is a mix of both positivism and interpretivism theory (Lewis, 2015). It is utilized to decide the causal connection between multiple factors. For this examination, a scientist will utilize the interpretivism theory than the other strategy since it will permit the analyst to gather theoretical information towards the exploration matter and meet the exploration destinations and point. Exploration approach The examination approach is a procedure or way wherein the entire exploration study is organized to viably direct the exploration. There are various types of components that are considered in the exploration like inductive and deductive examination approach (Silverman, 2016). The deductive methodology encourages the scientist to build up the theory for the benefit of exploration matter and meet the objective of examination. It likewise empowers the specialist to build up the calculated model towards research issue (Neuman and Robson, 2014).The created theory is acknowledged and dismissed for the benefit of gathered information. Other than this, the inductive methodology offices research researcher to get non-numeric information about exploration issue. This technique additionally empowers the specialist to get the solid information by utilizing the perception strategy (Panneerselvam, 2014). For this exploration study, an examination researcher will utilize the inductive methodology instead of deductive methodology. Since, this methodology permits the examination researcher to focus on parts of shrewd urban communities and gather suitable information. In this examination study, there is no compelling reason to build up any exploration theory thus the deductive methodology won't be considered by the specialist. The inductive methodology will empower the scientist to get a legitimate and solid result. Exploration procedure The exploration procedure is successful for research as it could support to acquire a solid and legitimate result. The examination procedure considers numerous elements like meetings, trials, reviews, and contextual investigations (Mayer, 2015). This strategy is essential for directing the examination in a precise manner. The examination technique orders the agents to lead their exploration in a normalized way as it could be proper to get a practical outcome. The subjective and quantitative examination methodology is consid

Free Essays on Grapevine Communication

The most impressive specialized device in the working environment is the â€Å"grapevine†. Whenever controlled appropriately, this type of correspondence can incredibly profit an organization. Whenever disregarded, the grapevine can make ruin inside an association. Canny chiefs have come to understand a few angles concerning the grapevine: The grapevine will never be wiped out, that it flows data rapidly and is negligent of any harm it makes. One approach to battle the potential dangerous outcomes of the mistaken data is to set aside the effort to tune in to the grapevine as opposed to disregarding it. When chiefs know about the substance of the grapevine, they can take off potential issues by controlling further grapevine interchanges by infusing true data into the pipeline. This really fills a double need. It assists with keeping directors educated on what issues are essential to their representatives and furthermore keeps the chiefs mindful of whether they are appropriately giving authority data to their workers. By and large, absence of organization gave data is at the base of the issue for workers will regularly make up their own situations. On the off chance that the grapevine can't be abrogated, an association must discover approaches to utilize it to further its potential benefit. Directors ought to request that workers approach them with any bits of gossip. This would be the most ideal approach to address off base data before it gets hurtful. Grapevine discussions are frequently simply one more type of tattle and tattle is essentially about holding. Tattling uplifts connectedness between individuals. Many individuals feel progressively cherished as they tattle. You esteem me; I esteem you as we share these privileged insights. In an office, you frequently imitate a great deal of things that occurred in your family. Hours spent in the workplace regularly rise to or surpass time went through with one’s own relatives. This is the reason things in an office can get exceptional quick. This strain offers ascend to chatter meetings, which serves to s... Free Essays on Grapevine Communication Free Essays on Grapevine Communication The most impressive specialized instrument in the working environment is the â€Å"grapevine†. Whenever controlled appropriately, this type of correspondence can enormously profit an organization. Whenever disregarded, the grapevine can make devastation inside an association. Canny administrators have come to understand a few angles concerning the grapevine: The grapevine will never be wiped out, that it flows data rapidly and is absent to any harm it makes. One approach to battle the potential dangerous results of the off base data is to set aside the effort to tune in to the grapevine as opposed to disregarding it. When supervisors know about the substance of the grapevine, they can take off potential issues by controlling further grapevine correspondences by infusing true data into the pipeline. This really fills a double need. It assists with keeping administrators educated on what issues are essential to their representatives and furthermore keeps the chiefs mindful of whether they are appropriately giving authority data to their workers. As a rule, absence of organization gave data is at the foundation of the issue for representatives will regularly make up their own situations. On the off chance that the grapevine can't be nullified, an association must discover approaches to utilize it furthering its potential benefit. Supervisors ought to request that representatives approach them with any gossipy tidbits. This would be the most ideal approach to address off base data before it gets destructive. Grapevine discussions are frequently simply one more type of tattle and tattle is essentially about holding. Tattling elevates connectedness between individuals. Many individuals feel progressively adored as they tattle. You esteem me; I esteem you as we share these mysteries. In an office, you regularly duplicate a great deal of things that occurred in your family. Hours spent in the workplace frequently approach or surpass time went through with one’s own relatives. This is the reason things in an office can get extraordinary quick. This strain offers ascend to talk meetings, which serves to s...

How to Approach the College Application Essay as a STEM Student

How to Approach the College Application Essay as a STEM Student How To Approach The College Essay When Writing Isn’t Your Strong Suit How To Approach The College Essay When Writing Isn’t Your Strong Suit So you’re not about to declare a Creative Writing major and your dream has never been to win a Pulitzer prize. The words don’t come naturally to you and you have trouble transforming your ideas into eloquent sentences. You might find yourself working harder in English and relaxing in Math and Computer Programming classes (in which you naturally excel). If this sounds like you, the solution is here. First of all, let’s relieve some pressure. Admissions doesn’t expect professional-level essays from students who excel in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM), and have to work extra hard in Language Arts. Your personal statement should be reflective of who you are as a person and a student. It needs to be honest and insightful, not a masterpiece worthy of the New Yorker. That said, you should still do your best! You might even surprise yourself. Believe it or not, math and writing have a lot in common: they both deal with formulas. Figuring out which one will work best for you is a great place to get started. If you’re an algebra or geometry type… You can start by looking at your essay as whole: What will it all add up to? Once you know the final answer, or main message, you can start playing around with your variables (a.k.a. the details of your story). Ask yourself: What are you trying to communicate? What do you want admissions to know about you when they put down your essay? What makes you different from other people? Maybe it’s a personality quirk or passion, or it could be some unique aspect of your upbringing. If you want, you could think about it as a proof. What evidence can you draw from your life to show (and not tell) admissions that you are the the special, talented person you claim to be. (And by the way, we know you’re special and talented, but you should expect admissions officers to be skeptical!) If you’re more into science labs… Make yourself a checklist! Write down what you’re hoping your essay will communicate in a few sentences or bullet points. Having a list while you’re drafting will help you to keep track of which points you’ve included and which ideas you still need to expand upon. It also feels excellent to cross things off a list! Just make sure the goals you create for your essay do more than tell a story you have to make sure the story reflects something about you. Don’t be afraid to tell admissions exactly what the story says about you in your conclusion either. You wouldn’t hand in a math test without complete numerical values with their associated remainders or labels, would you? And if you consider yourself more of an engineer or designer Make an outline or blueprint for your essay. (This is also a great next step to the algebra approach.) You can create a formula for the sequence of events and information . Do you want to create suspense by starting at the end and then flashing back to the beginning and the middle? Do you want to make sure every paragraph ties back to an overarching theme? If you have a clear idea, but don’t know how to put it into action, an outline will give you a roadmap to get started. If you’re applying with a major in mind that is not writing-intensive, then don’t fret so much about being the next F. Scott Fitzgerald in your application essay, focus on telling a story that is unique to you. And as always, if you want us to take a look, we’re here to help. About Kat StubingView all posts by Kat Stubing » Ready to get started? Don't wait. Start College Essay Academy now! »

Case Study Analysis IDEO Product Development Essay

Case Study Analysis: IDEO Product Development The business model for IDEO began as an open-minded place to design, develop and manufacture new products. The last 20 years of proven product design driven by innovation has translated into profit margins for their clients and continuous refinement for IDEO’s process. IDEO pioneered â€Å"concurrent engineering† where design and engineering work together to produce aesthetically pleasing products that are also highly functional. This was different from many other similar companies that placed more emphasis on the industrial design than the engineering. IDEO’s strengths grew out of the ability to master this ability with high tech clients. Corporations came to IDEO because they had a proven†¦show more content†¦IDEO further enriches these teams by being very selective in their hiring practices of individuals coming into the firm and when new divisions of IDEO are launched. Applicants are narrowed down through a rigorous interviewing process consisting of several 1-hour interviews. If an applicant passes through this formality they are next thrown to the team for further scrutiny. This last phase is critical because in the end it is the team, the whole, which makes IDEO strong not the individual. When the 2000 case was written, IDEO was in demand. They had the luxury of handpicking top clients they wanted to work with on projects. Even with this type of reputation and client selectivity, a successful product design must come from a partnership between the client and the firm. Kelley promoted and exploited the awards given the company and IDEO’s exemplary innovation practice to continue to evolve and elicit additional business. With regard to the article, â€Å"Choosing to Learn, Learning to Choose†, IDEO seeks out clients that can supplement their intellectual equity. IDEO does not agree to do work that involves only decorative or low transferable knowledge project development. They want to engage with clients that have the tough problems – the clients that are pushing technology and accepted norms. IDEO could definitely be called a â€Å"knowledgeShow MoreRelatedIdeo Case Study1532 Words   |  7 PagesCase Study Analysis: IDEO Product Development The business model for IDEO began as an open-minded place to design, develop and manufacture new products. The last 20 years of proven product design driven by innovation has translated into profit margins for their clients and continuous refinement for IDEO’s process. IDEO pioneered â€Å"concurrent engineering† where design and engineering work together to produce aesthetically pleasing products that are also highly functional. This was different fromRead MoreCase Study: Ideo Product Development4900 Words   |  20 PagesAbstract This report is based on a case presented by Harvard Business School, titled â€Å"IDEO Product Development.† The goal of this report is to examine whether an engineering design company, IDEO, should have requested more time to complete a design for a Personal Data Assistant (PDA) that was to be called the Handspring Visor. The key events take place between March 1996 and September 1999. IDEO is an unconventional Silicone Valley based company, and the hiring company was the then newly formedRead MoreIdeo2254 Words   |  10 PagesMEMORANDUM TO: Dennis Boyle, Senior Project Leader and Studio Manager SUBJECT: Visor product, Handspring Executive Summary Handspring, the client, is asking IDEO to design Visor product in approximately 10 months. The design needs to be fully compatible and less expensive version of Palm V, development of which took two years. Such short development time would require IDEO to compromise on its proven development process and sacrifice the emphasis on innovation. Further more, Visor needs to be superiorRead MoreDesigning A New Product Design Essay1454 Words   |  6 Pagesservice or product. It is heavily used when it comes to a new product design since it helps to identify opportunities for the creation of a new products themselves, through observation of a need that consumers themselves don’t realize, but it can also be applied to the improvement of an existing product or service. Empathic Design is a response to the design attitude of designing for user experience which is the idea that user-centered design would help in producing services or products that are simpleRead MoreBBVA CASE STUDY ANAL YSIS3220 Words   |  13 PagesOPERATIONS MANAGEMENT CASE STUDY ANALYSIS Innovation at BBVA: A review of the BBVA Case with some reflection on how BBVA moving towards an Open Innovation model 18 October 2013 The following document contains a very brief analysis of the BBVA case followed by some thoughts on an open innovation approach bringing together some of the concepts discussed during our lectures in Operations Management. Innovation at BBVA Operations Management Contents 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreSummary Critique About Article the Science of Desire Essays2066 Words   |  9 Pagesdefeat competitors. Then, depending on the research, Sirius launched its new product, the Sirius S50. Later, as the company’s wish, the S50 became one of the hottest sellers in that season. How does ethnography work in business? Many examples show brainstorms often happened with the guidance of ethnographers because ethnographers can find out what is people’s missing in their lives and help designers to improve products and services to satisfy customers. The key of ethnographer’s work is a deeperRead More3).1802 Words   |  8 Pagesand is light weight. This product can also be used as a chair because it has a seat in the front of the bag. The product has great stability so the golf clubs will not come out of the bag even if the golf course has many ups and downs. This product has an aesthetic factor (availability in different colors) so people would want to buy it. The disadvantages of using such a product is that it cannot be used if any mechanical part has a failure or gets damaged. This product is made of plastic so it canRead MoreBanczero Case Essay2050 Words   |  9 Pagestechnological change. We focus on how the success of technological innovat ions—new products, processes, and services—depends on the firm’s business model. Other key topics include intellectual property rights and the management of technological uncertainty through organizational arrangements such as corporate venturing, spinoffs, and alliances. Technological change is a fundamental driver of economic development and performance, not only at the level of firms and industries but also economies.Read MoreRisky Business : Corporate Governance And Risk Management2358 Words   |  10 Pagescurrent literature, opinion and supported by a few key case studies. Case Studies Case studies are an effective measure in building theory, according to Eisenhardt (1989). It is a research strategy that can be used to support propositions with empirical evidence drawn from numerous sources of data (Eisenhardt, 1989; Yin, 1994). For the purpose of this paper, two key examples have been chosen to examine the key issues in detail. The first case study used in this paper is that of British Petroleum. ARead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 PagesSony Walkman, Starbucks’s beans and atmosphere drown traditional coffee shops, Skype uses a strategy of â€Å"free† to beat ATT and British Telecom, eBay crushes classiï ¬ ed ads, and Southwest Airlines ï ¬â€šies under the radar of American and Delta. In every case, the creative ideas of innovative entrepreneurs produced powerful competitive advantages and tremendous wealth for the pioneering company. Of course, the retrospective $1 million question is, how did they do it? And perhaps the prospective $10 million

How Was Political Grandeur And Dignity Articulated Through...

How was political grandeur and dignity articulated through early 19th century civic architecture in Paris? Use specific examples. In the wake of the French revolution and King Louis XVI of France’s execution in 1773, 19th century France was a time of immense political, economic and social uncertainty as new political parties competed for power and attempted to reform Frances governing systems. The civil architecture and forms that were built during this period reflect these upheavals, as commissioned architects turned to new styles, city plans and construction methods in order to serve the political ambitions of the governing party. Architecture provided a means of articulating political grandeur and dignity both clearly and creatively,†¦show more content†¦Due to the instabilities caused by the Napoleonic Wars a new style of architecture did not develop during Napoleons rule, resulting in the continuation of pre-French Revolution classicism. With the intention of articulating imperialistic grandeur and referencing France as the â€Å"new Roman Empire† , an emphasis was placed on neoclass ical elements and the use of columns and arches becoming more liberal. Jean Chalgrin’s Arch de Triomphe provides an example of politically motivated neoclassical architecture. The triumphant arch was commissioned by Napoleon in 1806 to serve as an honorary monument and rallying point for the French military . Inspired in part by the Arch of Titus in the Roman Forum, decorative high-relief sculptures celebrating military victories from the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars adorn the structure . It is evident that Napoleon believed that as an empire that had annexed and made most of Europe into its satellites, the First French Empire deserved to have its grandeur reflected by a monument that referenced one of the world’s largest and most successful ancient Empires. Through large and imposing monumental structures, Napoleon sought to reminded French society of the military and political successes that had been achieved under his rule and consequently idealise his leadership, The First

The Air Traffic Controllers Strike of 1981 Free Essays

In this study, I intend to provide an overview of the air traffic controllers’ strike that occurred in 1981. This strike came at the peak of increased tension between the air traffic controllers union, PATCO, and the FAA, a federal agency charged with overseeing the management of all civil air flights. The strike occurred on August 3, 1981. We will write a custom essay sample on The Air Traffic Controllers Strike of 1981 or any similar topic only for you Order Now On that day, approximately 12,000 air traffic controllers went on strike, effectively crippling the civil air industry. As members of PATCO, these individuals certainly felt they had the right to strike; however, under the terms of certain laws affecting federal employees, the air traffic controllers, in fact, did not have this right. As a result, President Reagan immediately threatened that any air traffic controller not back at work within 48 hours of the start of the strike would lost his or her job. Three days later, the FAA issued 12,000 dismissal notices and the strike officially came to an end (Spector, 1982, p. ). Of particular interest to me is not only the details and particulars of this strike, but also the structural circumstances that precipitated it and why compensation negotiations were ineffectual. Therefore, I will focus the remainder of this overview on several key points: the internal and external environmental forces that led to the strike, specific human resources issues that made air traffic controllers apt to strike, and a review of the negotiation process and the failed proposals on both sides. In the course of this evaluation, I will discuss some of the major players in the strike, analyze some of the fundamental causes of this strike, and even present at least one alternative solution that was proposed at the time and should have probably been implemented without fail. In this, I intend to illustrate the nature of the air traffic controllers’ strike of 1981 and the factors that made it all but inevitable. To begin with, let’s consider some of the major players who were involved in the air traffic controllers’ strike. First, there is the FAA. This is the federal agency that was established in 1958 to manage all civilian air flights in the United States. At the time of the strike, all air traffic controllers in the United States were trained, certified, and employed by the FAA (Spector, 1982, p. 1). In other words, the FAA had a literal stranglehold on the market for air traffic controllers in the United States. To work in the United States as an air traffic controller, thus, meant that one had to work with the FAA and abide by their prescriptions for how air traffic controllers should be employed. Second, we should consider PATCO, or the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization. This group was affiliated with the AFL-CIO and was created in 1968. It was, in short, a union of air traffic controllers. During the 1970s, in particular, PATCO grew at a tremendous rate (Spector, 1982, p. 2). By the time the potential strike rolled around, most of the air traffic controllers in the United States were members of PATCO. Third, we should consider the head of PATCO, the man who lead the organization down the more militant path towards strike and whose ultimate negotiations with the FAA would precipitate the strike in the first place. Robert Poll took the reins at PATCO in 1980, partially in response to attitudes within the organization that felt a more aggressive stance was needed towards the FAA on the part of unionized air traffic controllers (Spector, 1982, p. 2). In this context, we can see that Poll and PATCO were immediately at odds with the FAA, which as an organization naturally wanted to maintain its monopolistic control over the supply of air traffic controllers. The conflict between the two primary players in this strike-the FAA and PATCO-was only exasperated by certain pieces of federal legislation that prohibited federal employees from using strikes, sit-ins, or work slow downs to affect changes in their employment status. Legislation such as the Federal Relations Labor act prevented federal unionized employees to use their union status for anything other than collective bargaining (Spector, 1982, p. 2). This structural component of the issue further tied the figurative hands of PATCO and the air traffic controllers. It may even have precipitated a strike if the air traffic controllers felt cornered and desperate in their dealings with the FAA. If the air traffic controllers did not think there was any possibility of seeing their demands met-and how could they, if they were not permitted to use the threat of a strike? -then it is possible that they would have instigated the strike in desperation. There were a number of other issues that certainly led to a strike-style conflict between the FAA and PATCO. For example, of the 17,275 air traffic controllers employed in July 1981, all had to take part in a seventeen-week training course and then participate in on-the-job training for an additional two to four years. The FAA estimated that the total cost of training an air traffic controller amounted to $175,000 (Spector, 1982, p. 4). From the perspective of the FAA, labor negotiations were unlikely to result in higher pay rates or other forms of compensation. From the federal perspective, a significant amount of money had already been invested in these individuals; more was not a viable option. For the air traffic controllers, however, increased pay was the least of their concerns. As air traffic controllers knew all too well, the job of managing dozens of aircraft from the ground simultaneously was not easy. When PATCO went to the negotiation table with the FAA prior to the strike, they listed a number of concerns and problems that they wanted to see corrected. These included, but were not limited to, the following. One, PATCO was concerned about access. The FAA gave unfettered access to airports at any time, to anyone. The result was extremes of traffic during peak and off hours of the day or week. PATCO also cited poor supervision from individuals who were often paid more than the air traffic controllers to do nothing more than shift paperwork around. Safety responsibility was also a concern-given the demands of the job and the life-or-death nature of it, some air traffic controllers felt that there should be a better system of managing and accepting responsibility. Finally, the air traffic controllers were concerned about their pay scale, especially lost overtime hours according to federal mandate (Spector, 1982, p. 10-11). Salaries for air traffic controllers were reasonable for the period, however some federal regulations placed a cap on the amount that any individual could earn as a federal employee. Additionally, limitations were made regarding the amount of pay that could be awarded during any two week period, regardless of hours worked. This fact, combined with the extremely stressful nature of the job, upset many at PATCO (Spector, 1982, p. 4,6). The fact that the FAA rated as one of the poorest employers of air traffic controllers worldwide in terms of hours worked per week, vacation days, and sick leave only made matters worse (Spector, 1982, p. 5). Thus, when the FAA and PATCO went to the negotiation table in the days and weeks preceding the strike on August 3, there were a number of issues that had to be resolved between them. The air traffic controllers felt overworked, overstressed, and under appreciated in general. The FAA felt that it had the upper hand because the air traffic controllers were unable, by federal law, to go on strike. For this reason, the eventual strike-in hindsight-seems all but inevitable. In fact, the assumption that the FAA had the upper hand in the negotiations may have led directly to their counter offer which was much more conservative than the original PATCO demands. PATCO wanted an increase in salaries, a new maximum salary limit, a reduction in the work week, earlier retirement benefits, and cost of living adjustments to be made twice a year. The FAA negotiator, John Helms, estimated that this package would cost the government around $744 million the first year. He countered with a proposal that would only cost $40 million the first year, but which was a significantly watered down version of PATCO demands (Spector, 1982, p. 10). The union rejected this offer and went back to the negotiation table. When the second counter offer from the FAA was also not to their liking, they voted 95% in favor of going on strike (Spector, 1982, p. 11). The consequent strike on August 3, 1981 cost most of PATCO members their jobs and ended up costing the aviation industry, as well as associated industries such as tourism and hotels, millions of dollars in lost profits. Given these myriad environmental forces, symptoms and causes, and the inherent conflict between the FAA and PATCO, it is little wonder that a strike was the ultimate result between the negotiations between the FAA and PATCO. But what might have been done differently, what other solution might have worked in the past to alleviate the problems that occurred? For an answer I turn to Lane Kirkland of the AFL-CIO who said at the time, â€Å"The air traffic control system is a purely subsidized service the government is providing for the private airline industry. Under the Reagan doctrine of getting the government off people’s backs, you’d think they might try to turn the whole thing over to the industry to run instead of using the might and majesty of the government to suppress a strike† (Spector, 1982, p. 4). In fact, this is exactly the solution that I would have suggested at the time and would advocate today as a solution to the mess that the FAA found itself in in 1981. If the FAA had been privatized, the concerns and issues that air traffic controllers were having could have been easily resolved between PATCO and the airline industry, in whose best interest it would have been to resolve the matter to keep planes in the air and profits in the black. Instead, the government used an ineffective law to force almost 12,000 people out of work who were simply trying to use the power of the strike to leverage themselves better working conditions. Especially when we consider the magnitude of the job that air traffic controllers did (and do) and the safety of countless lives that could have been at stake, it is even amazing that the government responded to the legitimate concerns of air traffic controllers in the way that it did. How to cite The Air Traffic Controllers Strike of 1981, Essay examples

Lithium Clinical Considerations in Internal Medicine

Question: Discuss about the Lithium Clinical Considerations in Internal Medicine. Answer: Introduction Lithium is the third element of the periodic table which shares certain properties with elements such as sodium and potassium (1, 2, 14). Lithium is majorly used in the hospital for treatment of mental disorders specifically as the mood stabilizer in treatment and maintained of bipolar diseases (1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 14, 16). The effectiveness of therapy of bipolar disease was discovered in 1949. In addition, lithium has remained as a drug of choice in bipolar treatment as it is said to reduce the risk of suicide in such patients (4, 6, 9). Furthermore, lithium is used in the treatment of depression, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and other mental illnesses (1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8). This drug profile seeks to demonstrate the mechanism of action, side effects and toxicity, clinical uses, drug formulation, chemical structure, pharmacokinetics, requirements for therapeutic drug monitoring and consideration when using lithium in special population. Mechanism of Action The specific mechanism of action of lithium is not well known especially as a mood stabilizer (2, 4, 7, 9, 12,). Lithium can alter the sodium transport across the cell membranes of the nerves; it can also alter serotonin and catecholamine metabolism and intracellular signaling using the second messengers (9). Lithium can also reduce proteins kinase C activity which can affect genome expression associated with neurotransmission (12). Lithium may increase cytoprotective proteins activating a cascade of growth factors that might increase the gray matter and in that matter enhancing neurogenesis activation and trophic actions that usually maintains synapse (12). Mediated by monoamine neurotransmitters, lithium can change synaptic transmission and in that case increasing the time of the presynaptic destruction of catecholamines thus inhibiting transmitters release at the synapse and reducing postsynaptic receptor sensitivity (9, 12). Various studies have shown that lithium has a tendency of increasing the release of serotonins by brain neurons. By inhibiting 5-HT1A and 5HT1B receptors, lithium has demonstrated to enhance the release of serotonin to the synapse making it have an antidepressant effect (6). Lithium has also be seen to interact with Nitric Oxide which in turns signals the pathway in the neural system that plays a significant role in neural plasticity (12, 13). Through modulation of glutamate levels, lithium is also believed to provide long-term mood stabilization. This is due to its competing actions with magnesium towards glutamate receptors. During the manic episodes, there is a rise in dopamine transmission that when regulated using hemostasis can lead to depression (12, 16). The G-proteins receptors are typically responsible for postsynaptic actions of dopamine. In that case, lithium is believed to alter some G-proteins sub-units that are associated with dopamine as part of the mechanism of actio n (12). Adverse effects/ Toxicity The most common adverse effects of Lithium with occurs in more than ten percent of all treated patients include headaches, hyperreflexia which involve a patient having highly responsive reflexes, muscle weakness, increase in number of white blood cells, nausea, muscle twitching, increase thirst and urination , weight gain, vertigo, confusion, low memory, constipation, diarrhea, and hand tremors ( 1, 2, 8, 11, 15,). Other adverse effects occur between 1-10 % of patients treated with lithium which includes hypothyroidism, acne, hair loss, extrapyramidal side effects like muscle rigidity and parkinsonism and goiter (1 2, 3, 4 , 5 8, 9, 14, ). There are others side effects that are very rare and mostly occur below 1 % of all patients treated with lithium which include seizures, edema, renal toxicity, sinus node dysfunction, coma, Brugada syndrome which is a heart conduction abnormality, elevated levels of magnesium, calcium, thyroid and parathyroid hormones and rise in intracranial press ure (1, 3, 13, 15, ). Clinical Uses The primary and most common clinical uses of lithium are in bipolar disorders where it is used as a mood stabilizer( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ). Lithium is normally used in acute manic episodes, bipolar prophylaxis, and treatment of acute bipolar depression. In acute manic episodes, lithium can be used to stabilize the mood of patients without combining with other adjunctive treatments like the use of benzodiazepines or antipsychotics (13). In acute bipolar depression, Lithium can be utilized as a first line treatment as a mood stabilizer without even using antidepressants. Antidepressants are only combined with lithium when a fast effect is required ( 8). When acute episodes of bipolar disorders dissolve, lithium is continued as a prophylaxis drug of choice. In addition, Lithium can be used for the treatment of resistant depression as an augmentation of antidepressants ( 14). Other than that, lithium uses has demonstrated to reduce suicidal attempts in bipolar disease. Dosage and Available Formulation The usual form of Lithium medicine in tablet form which are in different milligrams. Some of the common milligrams include 300mg, 150mg, 450mg and 600mg. Lithium can also be in a vial of 5 milliliters which contains 300mg of lithium (4, 5,). The dosage of Lithium is prescribed according to the condition and the age of the patient. Adults or anybody above 12 years receive a full dose as compared to children below 12 years (4, 5). The usual adult dose for patients suffering from acute mania is 1800mg per day with regular doses of 600mg orally divided into three times a day and an extended dose of 900mg orally twice a day. The long-term control of mania includes a maintenance dose of 900mg per day and a conventional formulation of 300mg orally four times a day( 4, 5) . The usual treatments for adulthood in bipolar disease are similar to that of acute mania. However, dosing must be given in accordance to response to treatment and lithium serum levels (5). In addition, there is an alternative treatment dose in the extended formulation of 600mg four times a day for long-term control (5). The dosage for pediatrics over 12 years is also similar to that of an adult ( 4). The only difference is on alternative extended formulation where the dosage is reduced to 300mg four times a day in long-term control (5). In severe renal impaired patients, only the extended release formulations can be given. It is important to avoid lithium in pregnancy where possible (5). Chemical Structures Related to Pharmacokinetic Parameters Li+ b) Li2CO3 Above a) is the chemical structure of Lithium which commonly occurs as Lithium carbonate with a chemical structure shown at b) (6) Lithium ion is absorbed completely in the gastrointestinal tract. The complete absorption takes place in about first 8 hours where the peak concentration in the serum starts at about 2 to 4 hours on an oral dose (7). Due to slow release preparations of lithium carbonate, there is a much slower rate of absorption which readily decreases the early plasma serum peak. Lithium ions are first distributed to extracellular fluids before it enters into the tissues (7). Other structures of lithium salts that can be used as drugs include Lithium lactate and lithium salicylate as shown in the below figures respectively (7). Lithium Lactate and Lithium salicylate The lithium lactate when absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract reach in the plasma levels at 2 hours but the peak is usually at 24 hours, and it is later eliminated rapidly (8). Lithium salicylate, on the other hand, reaches the peak by 48 hours and it is eliminated slowly(8). A study was done by Smith et al. showed that lithium carbonate normally has a larger bioavailability as compared to the high other Lithium salts( 8). Interesting pharmacokinetic parameters and clinical implications In slow and controlled release forms of lithium, the serum pick period after absorption in the gastrointestinal tract is about 4 to 5 hours(13,15). However, Lithium is rapidly absorbed in regular preparation with serum levels peaking at around 2 hours. Since the drug is not metabolized in the liver, it is not highly affected by the first past effect in the alimentary canal (14). Different from other antipsychotic agents, Lithium has no metabolites or clinically crucial binding properties to proteins (9). The renal clearance of the drug is about 20% of the creatinine clearance since most of the Lithium is reabsorbed in proximal convoluted tubules. Lithium is almost entirely excreted by the kidney but there some small traces excreted through feces and sweat(2,3,). The elimination half-life of lithium is about 24 hours. The half-life in elderly patients is a bit longer due to a decrease infiltration rate at Bowmans capsule and shorter in youths (3). The drug has no protein bound charact eristic, and around 80% is reabsorbed in proximal convoluted tubules( 1). The levels of Lithium in serum usually increase when the sodium levels decrease in serum which is accelerated during dehydration(1,3). Requirement for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) A report was written by Ratanajamit et al. in 2008 indicated there was appropriateness for therapeutic drug monitoring of lithium between 2004 and 2005 lithium treatment of psychotic disorders (3). The study showed that of all the participants 41.8 % had suspected toxicity, there were about 27% who required various tests without specific indications, serum lithium levels were reported in 91. 2% of all patients who had not taken lithium drug for about five days during the treatment period(3). In addition, 44. 6% of these required dosage alterations (3). Before giving the Lithium treatment, certain parameters such complete blood count, electrocardiograph, baseline creatinine levels and thyroxin stimulating hormones should be checked. Lithium used if the first term of pregnancy has been associated with Ebstein anomaly where 1 out of 1000 is affected and therefore should be monitored during pregnancy(1, 14). The patients under treatment using lithium should receive regular serum levels test, kidney function test, and thyroid hormones levels as they interfere with water and sodium regulations in the body(9,16). This is the major and underlying cause of dehydration in patients under lithium treatment. The dehydration in the body normally increases the lithium levels(8). This dehydration is primarily brought by inhibition of antidiuretic hormone by increase in lithium levels thus inhibiting water reuptake in the kidney(11,13). This in turn led to the loss of water exhibited by thirst. The monitoring of lithium can be performed by measurin g lithium concentration in serum, blood, and urine and use the results as a guide to therapy. The standard serum concentration of Lithium is usually between 0.5 to 1.4 mmol/l (4). When it accumulates over a certain duration of time, mostly after five days, the level increases up to between 1.8 to 2.5mmol/l. During an overdose, the levels can go up to 3 to 10 mmol/l (4). At this time, the dosage required should be adjusted, and the patient monitored in facilities where plasma ratio can be easily be seen (5). Dosages are adjusted to achieve the normal values which are usually to lower in aged patients and to increase in young patients (5). Factors that indicate that lithium is in accordance with the correct therapy and normal values include the absence of adverse effects, no psychosis, and classic mania (16). Consideration of Lithium in Special Population In renal dose adjustments, mild and moderate renal problems do not need any adjustments to the dosage. However, severe renal problems require only the extended release formulation where small doses are started slowly with close monitoring of toxicity (4, 5). The immediate release formulations are contraindicated in severe renal dysfunction. The serum levels should be checked prior to the next dose (4). This is commonly done between 10 to 12 hours from the previous dose. The acute episodes of increase in lithium levels are determined, and dose changed after three days. The long term dose adjustment can be changed after two months (5). Caution should be taken and doses adjusted in patients suffering from cardiovascular disorders (4,5). Lithium should be avoided in pregnancy as it causes cardiovascular problems, especially in the first trimester (1). In infants, lithium should be avoided as it causes drowsiness, cardiac and other permanent side effects to a child(2). Weight gain is a ma jor adverse effect of lithium since it has some metabolic effects on carbohydrates (2, 9). In that case, caution should be taken in obese patients as lithium will normally increase weight. 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